Authors may use generative AI and AI-assisted tools responsibly to support manuscript preparation and, where appropriate, the research process. Such tools must not replace the authors’ scientific judgment, expertise, or intellectual contribution. Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and ethical compliance of their work and must verify all AI-generated or AI-assisted content, including factual claims, interpretations, references, and citations.

AI tools must not be used to fabricate, falsify, manipulate, or misrepresent data, results, references, images, or other research materials. AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors.

Authors must protect confidential information, personal data, unpublished research, and third-party intellectual property when using AI tools. Any use of generative AI beyond basic spelling, grammar, and punctuation checks must be disclosed, including the tool used and its purpose. Where AI is used as part of the research methodology, its use must also be described in the Methods section.

Authors should retain appropriate records of their use of AI tools and may be required to provide this information during editorial assessment. Authors remain responsible for compliance with the journal’s publication ethics and all applicable requirements relating to research integrity, intellectual property, privacy, and confidentiality.